Gukora PCBA ninzira yingenzi kandi igoye ikubiyemo guteranya ibice bitandukanye kurubaho rwacapwe (PCB). Nyamara, muriki gihe cyogukora inganda hashobora kubaho ibibazo nibice bimwe cyangwa ingingo zigurisha zifatanije, zishobora kuganisha kubibazo bishobora kugurishwa nko kugurisha nabi, ibice byangiritse cyangwa ibibazo byamashanyarazi. Gusobanukirwa nimpamvu zibi bintu no kubishakira ibisubizo bifatika nibyingenzi kugirango hamenyekane ubuziranenge nubwizerwe bwibicuruzwa byanyuma.Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasesengura impamvu zituma ibyo bice cyangwa ingingo zigurisha bikomera mugihe cyo gukora PCBA kandi tugatanga ibisubizo bifatika kandi bifatika kugirango iki kibazo gikemuke. Mugushira mubikorwa ibisubizo byasabwe, ababikora barashobora gutsinda iki kibazo kandi bakagera kuri PCB igenda neza hamwe no kugurisha neza, ibikoresho bikingiwe, hamwe n’amashanyarazi ahamye.
1: Gusobanukirwa ibyabaye mubikorwa bya PCB Inteko:
Ibisobanuro bya PCBA Gukora:
Gukora PCBA bivuga inzira yo guteranya ibice bitandukanye bya elegitoronike ku kibaho cyacapwe (PCB) kugirango gikore ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bikora. Iyi nzira ikubiyemo gushyira ibice kuri PCB no kubigurisha ahantu.
Akamaro k'Inteko iboneye:
Guteranya neza ibice nibyingenzi mubikorwa byizewe byibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Iremeza ko ibice bifatanye neza na PCB kandi bigahuzwa neza, bikemerera ibimenyetso byamashanyarazi byemewe kandi bikarinda guhuza kwose.
Ibigize neza hamwe nugurisha ibisobanuro hamwe:
Iyo ibice cyangwa abagurisha bahujwe byitwa "kugororoka" mubikorwa bya PCBA, bivuze ko bitameze neza cyangwa bidahuye neza neza nubuso bwa PCB. Muyandi magambo, ibice cyangwa abagurisha hamwe ntabwo bijyana na PCB.
Ibibazo bishobora guterwa nibice bigororotse hamwe nabagurisha:
Ibice bitunganijwe hamwe nugurisha bishobora gutera ibibazo byinshi mugihe cyo gukora PCBA no gukoresha ibikoresho bya nyuma bya elegitoroniki. Ibibazo bimwe bishobora guterwa niki kintu birimo:
Kugurisha nabi:
Guhuza ibicuruzwa bidakwiye ntibishobora guhuza neza na padi ya PCB, bikavamo ibicuruzwa bidahagije kandi n’umuriro w'amashanyarazi udakomeye. Ibi bigabanya kwizerwa muri rusange nigikorwa cyibikoresho.
Guhangayikishwa na mashini:
Ibigize neza birashobora guhura nubukanishi bukomeye kuko bidahujwe neza na PCB. Iyi mihangayiko irashobora gutuma ibice bivunika cyangwa bikitandukanya na PCB, bigatuma igikoresho kidakora neza.
Guhuza amashanyarazi nabi:
Iyo ibice cyangwa abagurisha bihujwe bihagaze neza, harikibazo cyo guhura kwamashanyarazi nabi. Ibi birashobora kuvamo guhuza rimwe na rimwe, gutakaza ibimenyetso, cyangwa kugabanuka kwimikorere, bigira ingaruka kumikorere myiza yicyuma cya elegitoroniki.
Ubushyuhe bukabije:
Ibigize neza ntibishobora gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe neza. Ibi birashobora kugira ingaruka kumicungire yubushyuhe bwibikoresho, bigatera ubushyuhe bukabije kandi bishobora kwangiza ibice cyangwa kugabanya ubuzima bwabo bwa serivisi.
Ibibazo by'ubunyangamugayo:
Ibice bihagaze cyangwa kugurisha bishobora gutera impedance idahuye ihuza imirongo, ibimenyetso byerekana, cyangwa umuhanda. Ibi bibazo birashobora gutesha agaciro ibimenyetso rusange byerekana imikorere yimikorere ya elegitoroniki.
Mugihe cyogukora PCBA, gukemura mugihe gikwiye hamwe nibicuruzwa bihuriweho hamwe ningirakamaro kugirango hamenyekane ubuziranenge, kwiringirwa, no kuramba kubicuruzwa byanyuma.
2.Impamvu zituma ibice cyangwa abagurisha bihagarara neza mubikorwa bya PCBA:
Ikwirakwizwa ry'ubushyuhe butaringaniye: Gushyushya, gukonjesha, cyangwa gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe kuri PCB birashobora gutuma ibice cyangwa abagurisha bihagarara.Mugihe cyo kugurisha, niba uduce tumwe na tumwe kuri PCB twakira ubushyuhe burenze cyangwa buto kurenza ubundi, ibi birashobora gutera impagarara zumuriro kubice hamwe nabagurisha. Iyi mihangayiko yubushyuhe irashobora gutuma abagurisha bahurira cyangwa bakunama, bigatuma ibice bihagarara neza. Imwe mumpamvu zisanzwe zitera ikwirakwizwa ryubushyuhe butaringaniye ni ugukwirakwiza ubushyuhe nabi mugihe cyo gusudira. Niba ubushyuhe butagabanijwe neza kuri PCB, uduce tumwe na tumwe dushobora kugira ubushyuhe bwinshi mugihe utundi turere dukomeza gukonja. Ibi birashobora guterwa no gushyira nabi cyangwa gukwirakwiza ibintu bidashyuha, itangazamakuru ryohereza ubushyuhe budahagije, cyangwa tekinoroji yo gushyushya idahwitse.
Ikindi kintu gitera ubushyuhe butaringaniye ni gukonja bidakwiye. Niba PCB ikonje kimwe nyuma yo kugurisha, uduce tumwe na tumwe dushobora gukonja vuba kurusha utundi. Uku gukonjesha byihuse birashobora gutuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka, bigatuma ibice cyangwa abagurisha bihagarara neza.
Ibipimo byo gusudira ntabwo aribyo: Igenamiterere ridahwitse nkubushyuhe, igihe cyangwa igitutu mugihe cyo kugurisha birashobora kandi gutuma ibice cyangwa ingingo zigurisha bihagarara neza.Kugurisha birimo gushyushya gushonga uwagurishije no gukora ubumwe bukomeye hagati yibigize na PCB. Niba ubushyuhe bwashyizwe hejuru cyane mugihe cyo kugurisha, birashobora gutuma uwagurishije ashonga cyane. Ibi birashobora gutuma abagurisha birenze urugero kandi bigatera ibice guhagarara neza. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ubushyuhe budahagije bushobora kuvamo gushonga bidahagije kugurisha, bikavamo ingingo idakomeye cyangwa ituzuye. Igenamigambi hamwe nigitutu mugihe cyo gusudira nabyo bigira uruhare runini. Igihe kidahagije cyangwa igitutu gishobora kuvamo kugurisha bituzuye cyangwa bidakomeye, bishobora gutuma ibice bihagarara. Byongeye kandi, umuvuduko ukabije mugihe cyo kugurisha urashobora gutera ibicuruzwa bikabije, bigatera ibice guhindagurika cyangwa kuzamura.
Gushyira ibice bidakwiye: Gushyira ibice bidakwiye nimpamvu isanzwe yibigize cyangwa abagurisha ingingo bahagaze neza.Mugihe cyo guterana, niba ibice bidahuye cyangwa bigoramye, ibi birashobora gutuma abagurisha badahwanye. Iyo kugurisha ibyo bice, umugurisha ntashobora gutembera neza, bigatuma ibice bihagarara. Guhuza ibice bishobora kubaho kubera ikosa ryabantu cyangwa imikorere mibi yimashini ishyira. Gushyira ibice byuzuye kandi byuzuye bigomba gukenerwa kugirango wirinde ibibazo nkibi. Ababikora bagomba gukurikiza bitonze amabwiriza yo gushyira ibice bitangwa nigishushanyo cya PCB cyangwa inteko yihariye. Ibikoresho cyangwa ubuhanga buke bwo gusudira: Ubwiza bwibikoresho byo kugurisha nubuhanga bukoreshwa birashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yibicuruzwa bityo bikagumaho neza. Ibikoresho byo kugurisha bifite ubuziranenge birashobora kuba birimo umwanda, bifite aho bishonga bidahuye, cyangwa birimo ibintu bidahagije. Gukoresha ibikoresho nkibi birashobora kuvamo abadandaza bafite intege nke cyangwa bafite inenge bishobora gutera inteko guhagarara.
Tekinike yo kugurisha idakwiye nka byinshi cyangwa bidahagije paste yo kugurisha, kutagereranya cyangwa kudahuza, cyangwa gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe nabi nabyo bishobora gutera iki kibazo. Nibyingenzi gukurikiza uburyo bukwiye bwo kugurisha nubuyobozi bwasabwe nabakora ibice cyangwa inganda zinganda kugirango habeho kugurisha kwizewe.
Byongeye kandi, isuku ya PCB idahagije nyuma yo kugurisha irashobora kuvamo ibisigara byubatswe kubagurisha. Ibisigara birashobora gutera ibibazo byuburemere mugihe cyo kugaruka, bigatuma ibice bihagarara neza.
3. Ibisubizo byo gukemura ibibazo:
Guhindura ubushyuhe bwo gutunganya: Kugira ngo ubushyuhe bugabanuke mugihe cyo gusudira, suzuma uburyo bukurikira:
Hindura ibikoresho byo gushyushya: Menya neza ko ibikoresho byo gushyushya (nk'umwuka ushyushye cyangwa ifuru ya infrarafurike) byahinduwe neza kandi bitanga n'ubushyuhe kuri PCB.Reba ahantu hashyushye cyangwa hakonje kandi uhindure ibikenewe byose cyangwa gusana kugirango ubushyuhe bukwirakwizwa.
Shyira mu bikorwa intambwe yo gushyushya: Gushyushya PCB mbere yo kugurisha bifasha kugabanya imihangayiko yumuriro kandi bigatera no gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe.Ubushuhe burashobora kugerwaho ukoresheje sitasiyo yabugenewe cyangwa mukuzamura buhoro buhoro ubushyuhe mu itanura ryagurishijwe kugirango bigere no guhererekanya ubushyuhe.
Hindura uburyo bwo gusudira ibipimo: Kuringaniza neza ibipimo byo gusudira nibyingenzi kugirango ugere kumurongo wizewe no kubuza ibice guhagarara neza. Witondere ibintu bikurikira:
Ubushyuhe: Shiraho ubushyuhe bwo gusudira ukurikije ibisabwa byihariye bigize ibikoresho nibikoresho byo gusudira.Kurikiza umurongo ngenderwaho cyangwa inganda zitangwa nuwabikoze. Irinde ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane, bushobora gutera ibicuruzwa bikabije, hamwe nubushyuhe budahagije, bushobora gutera gucikamo ibice.
Igihe: Menya neza ko inzira yo kugurisha itanga igihe gihagije kugirango ugurisha ashonga kandi agire umurunga ukomeye.Igihe gito cyane gishobora kuvamo abadandaza badakomeye cyangwa batuzuye, mugihe igihe kinini cyo gushyuha gishobora gutera ibicuruzwa byinshi.
Umuvuduko: Hindura igitutu gikoreshwa mugihe cyo kugurisha kugirango wirinde kurenza cyangwa kugurisha.Kurikiza amabwiriza yatanzwe yingutu yatanzwe nuwabikoze cyangwa utanga ibikoresho byo gusudira.
Menya neza ko gushyira ibice bikwiye: Gushyira ibice neza kandi bihujwe nibyingenzi kugirango wirinde ibibazo bihagaze. Suzuma intambwe zikurikira:
Koresha ibikoresho byogushira ubuziranenge: Shora mubikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge byikora ibikoresho bishobora gushyira neza neza ibice.Hindura kandi ubungabunge ibikoresho buri gihe kugirango urebe neza neza.
Kugenzura icyerekezo cyibice: Kugenzura inshuro ebyiri icyerekezo mbere yo gushyira.Icyerekezo kidakwiriye cyibigize gishobora gutera kudahuza mugihe cyo gusudira kandi bigatera ibibazo bihagaze.
Guhuza no Guhagarara: Menya neza ko ibice bifite kare kandi bishyizwe neza kuri padi ya PCB mbere yo kugurisha.Koresha ibikoresho bihuza cyangwa clamp kugirango ufate ibice mugihe cyo gusudira kugirango wirinde gutembera cyangwa kugenda.
Hitamo ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru byo gusudira: Guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusudira bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yabagurisha. Nyamuneka suzuma amabwiriza akurikira:
Solder alloy: Hitamo umugurisha ugurisha bikwiranye nuburyo bwihariye bwo kugurisha, ibice nibikoresho bya PCB byakoreshejwe.Koresha ibishishwa bifite ingingo zishonga hamwe nibintu byiza byo guhanagura kugirango welding yizewe.
Flux: Koresha flux yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ikwiranye no kugurisha hamwe nibikoresho bya PCB byakoreshejwe.Amazi agomba guteza imbere amazi meza kandi agatanga isuku ihagije yubucuruzi.
Solder Paste: Menya neza ko paste yagurishijwe yakoreshejwe ifite ibice bikwiye hamwe nubunini bwagabanijwe kugirango ugere ku gushonga no gutembera neza.Ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byo kugurisha birahari kubuhanga butandukanye bwo kugurisha, nko kugarura cyangwa kugurisha imiraba.
Komeza PCB yawe isukuye: Ubuso bwa PCB busukuye nibyingenzi kugurisha neza. Nyamuneka kurikiza izi ntambwe kugirango PCB yawe isukure:
Gukuraho Ibisigisigi bya Flux: Kuraho burundu ibisigazwa bya flux muri PCB nyuma yo kugurisha.Koresha isuku ikwiye, nka alcool ya isopropyl (IPA) cyangwa kuvanaho flux kabuhariwe, kugirango ukureho ibisigisigi byose bya flux bishobora kubangamira imiterere yabagurisha cyangwa gutera ibibazo byubusa.
Kurandura umwanda: Kuraho umwanda wose nkumwanda, umukungugu cyangwa amavuta hejuru ya PCB mbere yo kugurisha.Koresha imyenda idafite lint cyangwa brush kugirango usukure buhoro PCB kugirango wirinde kwangiza ibice byoroshye.
Kubika no Gukoresha: Bika kandi ukoreshe PCB ahantu hasukuye, nta mukungugu.Koresha ibifuniko bikingira cyangwa ibikapu kugirango wirinde kwanduza mugihe cyo kubika no gutwara. Kugenzura buri gihe no kugenzura isuku ya PCB no gushyiraho uburyo bukwiye bwo kugenzura kugirango isuku ihamye.
4. Akamaro k'ubufasha bw'umwuga mu Gukora PCBA:
Mugihe ukemura ibibazo bigoye bijyanye no guhaguruka cyangwa guhuza abagurisha mugihe cyo guterana kwa PCB, nibyingenzi gushaka ubufasha bwumwuga kubakora inararibonye. Abakora umwuga wo guteranya PCB babigize umwuga Capel itanga ibyiza bitandukanye bishobora gufasha gukemura no gukemura ibyo bibazo neza.
uburambe: Uruganda rukora inteko ya PCB yabigize umwuga Capel afite uburambe bwimyaka 15 mugukemura ibibazo bitandukanye byo guterana kwa PCB.Bahuye kandi bakemura neza ibibazo bitandukanye, harimo guterana neza hamwe nabagurisha ibibazo. Uburambe bwabo bubafasha kumenya vuba intandaro yibi bibazo no gushyira mubikorwa ibisubizo bikwiye. Hamwe nubumenyi bwakuwe mumishinga itabarika, barashobora gutanga ubushishozi ninama zokwemeza ko inteko ya PCB igenda neza.
Ubuhanga: Capel akoresha abatekinisiye ba PCB bafite ubuhanga buhanitse kandi batojwe neza.Aba technicien bafite ubumenyi bwimbitse bwubuhanga bwo kugurisha, gushyira ibice hamwe ningamba zo kugenzura ubuziranenge. Basobanukiwe nuburyo gahunda yo guterana kandi bazi neza amahame yinganda nibikorwa byiza. Ubuhanga bwacu buradufasha gukora ubugenzuzi bwitondewe, kumenya ingaruka zishobora kubaho, no kugira ibyo duhindura kugirango tuneshe ibice byuzuye cyangwa abagurisha ibibazo. Mugukoresha ubuhanga bwacu, uruganda rukora PCB rwabigize umwuga Capel rushobora kwemeza ubuziranenge bwinteko kandi bikagabanya ibibazo byigihe kizaza.
Ibikoresho bigezweho: Uruganda rukora PCB rwabigize umwuga Capel rushora imari mubikoresho bigezweho nubuhanga bigamije kugurisha no guteranya.Bakoresha amashyiga yateye imbere, imashini zikoresha ibikoresho byabugenewe kugirango babone ibisubizo nyabyo kandi byizewe. Izi mashini zirasuzumwa neza kandi zikabungabungwa kugirango harebwe neza ubushyuhe, kugenzura neza ibice, no kugenzura neza ingingo zigurishwa. Ukoresheje ibikoresho bigezweho, Capel irashobora gukuraho impamvu nyinshi zisanzwe ziteranya guterana cyangwa kugurisha hamwe, nkimihindagurikire yubushyuhe, kudahuza, cyangwa kugurisha nabi.
Q.Bakurikiza uburyo bukomeye bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge mugikorwa cyose cyo guterana, kuva amasoko yibigize kugeza ubugenzuzi bwa nyuma. Ibi bikubiyemo kugenzura neza ibice, kugurisha hamwe nisuku ya PCB. Dufite uburyo bukomeye bwo kwipimisha nka X-ray kugenzura no kugenzura optique kugirango tumenye inenge cyangwa anomalie. Mugukurikiza ingamba zifatika zo kugenzura ubuziranenge, ababikora babigize umwuga barashobora kugabanya kugaragara kubintu bigororotse cyangwa kugurisha hamwe hamwe no gutanga inteko zizewe za PCB.
Ikiguzi nigihe cyiza: Korana numwuga wabigize umwuga wa PCB ukora Capel arashobora kubika igihe nigiciro.Ubuhanga bwabo nibikoresho bigezweho birashobora kumenya byihuse no gukemura ibibazo bihagaze cyangwa kugurisha hamwe, kugabanya ingaruka zishobora gutinda kuri gahunda yumusaruro. Byongeye kandi, ibyago byo gukora cyane cyangwa gusibanganya ibice bifite inenge birashobora kugabanuka cyane mugihe ukorana nabanyamwuga bafite ubumenyi nuburambe bukenewe. Ibi birashobora kuzigama ibiciro mugihe kirekire.
Muri make,kuba hari ibice byuzuzanya cyangwa abagurisha mugihe cyo gukora PCBA birashobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye. Mugusobanukirwa nimpamvu zibi bintu no gushyira mubikorwa ibisubizo bikwiye, ababikora barashobora kuzamura ubwiza bwa weld, gukumira ibyangiritse, no kwemeza amashanyarazi yizewe. Gukorana numushinga wabigize umwuga wa PCB Capel urashobora kandi gutanga inkunga nubuhanga bukenewe kugirango iki kibazo gikemuke. Mugukurikiza aya mabwiriza, abayikora barashobora guhindura imikorere yabo ya PCBA no guha abakiriya ibicuruzwa byiza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-11-2023
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